Risk Factors
- Family history of alcohol problems; conflict at home; little or no guidance
- Friends who drink heavily; pressure to join in
- Depression, anxiety, trauma, or chronic stress
- Poor performance; low engagement; lack of goals
- Easy access to alcohol; social norms that encourage heavy drinking; few safe activities
- Early drinking; impulsive behavior; low sense of control
Protective Factors
- Strong family bonds; caring and consistent parenting; clear expectations about alcohol
- Friends who avoid heavy drinking; supportive mentors and role models
- Healthy coping skills; access to counseling and mental health support; resilience
- Connection to school or work; sense of achievement and recognition
- Community support; alcohol-free activities; positive cultural or faith-based groups
- Self-discipline; belief in ability to change; setting personal goals and values
Building up protective factors, whether at home, in school, or in the community, helps reduce risk and supports healthier choices for individuals and families.
Sources: SAMHSA; NIAAA; Cleveland Clinic
